Sunday, April 23, 2023

Nuances of news and media



Both Journalism and mass media are different means of dissemination of information. Well, in a longitudinal spectrum, one comes before the other. It is said that journalism is the first draft of history. If mass media is the activity of dispersing news, journalism is concerned with collection and dissemination of news through the print media as well as the electronic media. This involves various areas of works like reporting, writing, editing, photographing, broadcasting or cable casting news items. Journalism includes investigating, analysing and reporting local as well as world events, trends, current affairs, and so on.

Journalism is more about informing people about something meaningful. It is more predictable in its approach in which the emphasis is on information and facts. But on the other hand, as the name suggests, mass media is all about disseminating information to the masses at local, national or international levels with or without a necessary intent. Journalism gravitates towards news reporting for newspapers, magazines or television, while mass media involves journalism too. There’s a difference between the two as mass media is not a part of journalism but journalism is a part of mass media. There are the whole lot of things in mass media like radio jockeying, anchoring, content writing, disc jockey, video jockey, photography, cinematography, direction, scripting, advertising, corporate communications and so on.
Simply put, mass communication is about relaying information to the general public in mass at one specific time, whereas journalism is about conveying information on different topics to the literate public on different occasions.


Course Content

Normally, it is a three year course spread across 6 semesters. In the first semester, you will study about introduction to communication, media and journalism, Indian social system followed by the theory of communication, applications of computer in media, state politic and constitution and writing for media. In third semester the course content will include the media laws and ethics, media management, folk media and cyber media. Fourth semester will be about the development and communication, design and graphics, fundamentals of economics an Indian economy and national and international affairs. In the fifth semester, you will study about the introduction of public relations and advertising, tribal communication, communication research. In the last semester the focus will be on radio and television journalism and value education.

Bachelors of Mass media is also a 3 year course spread across 6 consecutive semesters. In the first semester you will study about effective communication skills, fundamentals of mass communication, introduction to computers, introduction to sociology and economics. In the second semester you will study about political concepts and Indian political systems, principles of marketing, principle of management and introduction of literature in English. In third semester the course content will be only be focusing on the introduction of advertising, journalism, public relations, media studies, culture studies and creative writing. In the fourth semester you will study mass media research, organisational behaviour, understanding cinema, radio and television, advance computers, print production and photography and advertising. In the fifth semester, you will study about advertising in contemporary society, copywriting, brand building, reporting, media planning, niche and magazine journalism, and consumer behaviour. In the last semester you will be studying the advertising and marketing research, legal environment and advertising ethics, contemporary issues, journalism, press laws and ethics, broadcast journalism and internet issue in the global media.
To summarise, Journalism mainly involves the components of political science, economics, communication theory, history of journalism and research methodology. It aims to acquaint students with the social facts, theoretical frameworks and role of the media as a mediating agency.Journalism is a more focussed study dealing with collection of information, sifting through it and researching. BJMC course helps you to acquire theoretical and practical information on various areas related to journalism and mass communication. Bachelors in Mass Media is a broader field focussed on socio political and legal environment and its impact on media and includes a fusion of photography, filmmaking, journalism, advertising, public relations, content writing, etc.
Institute Scape :
* Lady Shri Ram College for Women, University of Delhi offering an Hons program in Journalism.
* Delhi College of Arts and Commerce, University of Delhi offering Hons program in Journalism.
* Madras Christian College, offering BA Journalism
* International Institute of Media and Communication, Kolkata
* School of Communication, Manipal university,offering Bachelor of Arts in Journalism and Communication),
* Amity School of Communications, offering Bachelor of Journalism and Mass Communication.
* Ramnarain Ruia College, University of Mumbai, offering Bachelor of Mass Media (BMM) Indraprastha College for Women, University of Delhi, offering Bachelor in Mass Media and Mass Communication
* KC College of Arts, Science and Commerce, University of Mumbai, offering Bachelor of Mass Media
* Department of Media Studies, Christ University, Bangalore offering BA in Journalism, Psychology, English and BA in Communication & Media, English, Psychology.


4th Edition COMMS | 27-28 April 2023 | London, United Kingdom.

 Nuances of news and media 


Wednesday, April 19, 2023

Communication Platform



Key Takeaway:

           By component, in 2022, the communication platform as a service market was dominated by the solution component segment due to its improved functions.
          By organization size, the large enterprise segment dominated the largest market share in the organization size segment and accounted for the largest revenue share in the communication platform as a service market in 2022.
          By end-user, the IT & Telecom segment dominated the largest market share in end-user analysis
In 2022, North America dominated the market with the highest revenue share of 32%.
APAC is expected to grow at a greater pace owing to the expansion of end-use industries like retail, e-commerce, and IT & telecom.


Factors Affecting the Growth of the Communication Platform As a Service Industry

     There are several factors that are affecting the growth of communication platforms as a service industry. These include:Increased Demand for Cloud-Based Communication Services: Cloud-based communication services have seen a rise in popularity due to their scalability, flexibility as well as cost efficiency. As a result, there is now an increasing demand for these cloud-based offerings propelling growth within the CaaS industry.
    The emergence of New Technologies: The advent of cutting-edge technologies such as 5G, artificial intelligence (AI), and the Internet of Things (IoT) presents communication service providers with an extraordinary opportunity to offer cutting-edge services to their customers.
    Growth of Remote Work and Virtual Collaboration: The COVID-19 pandemic has hastened the trend toward remote work and virtual collaboration leading to an increase in demand for communication services that enable these modes of employment.
    Increasing Need for Communication Security: With the increasing use of digital communication channels, there is an increasing need for security measures to safeguard sensitive information against cyber threats. CPaaS providers are responding by offering more secure communication services in order to provide data safety.
    Growing Awareness of CPaaS Benefits: As more businesses and organizations recognize the advantages of CPaaS, such as cost savings, scalability, and ease of use, demand for these services is expected to continue increasing in upcoming years.

Market Growth

The growth of the CPaaS market can be attributed to several factors including increasing adoption of cloud-based communication services, technological advancements, remote work/virtual collaboration trends, and communication security requirements. Additionally, the growing demand for video conferencing, collaboration tools, and unified communication solutions is fuelling the expansion of the CaaS market. The CPaaS market is expected to experience steady growth over the coming years as businesses and organizations increasingly adopt cloud-based communication services and new technologies become accessible to all businesses (Large enterprises and SEMs). This expansion presents communication service providers with numerous opportunities to offer cutting-edge services and solutions to their customers.

Regional Analysis

North America led the global communication platform as a service market with a market share of 32% in 2022 and is forecast to experience a CAGR of 29.2% over the forecast period. In this region, the advisement of technology infrastructures and many tech-savvy businesses are early adopters of CPaaS. Factors such as its high level of research & development (R&D), established telecom market, and presence of many CPaaS businesses all add to its attractiveness. Furthermore, Asia Pacific is experiencing a rise in advanced technological infrastructure that will fuel market expansion. Asia Pacific is expected to experience a CAGR of 34.1% during the forecast period because of the growth of end-use industries like retail, e-commerce, and IT & telecom.

Scope of the Report

Report Attribute Details
Market Value (2022) US$ 10.9 billion
Market Size (2032) US$ 121 billion
CAGR (from 2023 to 2032) 28%
North-America Revenue Share 32%
Historic Period 2016 to 2022
Base Year 2022
Forecast Year 2023 to 2032






Market Drivers

CPaaS providers offer a suite of services such as messaging, voice, and video communication that enable individuals and businesses to stay in touch in real-time. Due to the rapid developments in digital technologies people are seeking faster, more convenient, and more efficient ways of communication. Cloud-based communication services have become increasingly popular due to their flexibility, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. CPaaS providers offer cloud-based communication solutions that can be easily integrated with existing systems and applications, making it easier for businesses to meet communication needs. CPaaS providers provide application programming interfaces (APIs) that enable developers to easily incorporate communication services into their applications. Businesses now can add real-time communication capabilities without needing to invest in infrastructure upgrades.

Market Restraints

Real-time communication services can be vulnerable to security breaches and data leaks which could tarnish a business's reputation and result in financial losses. CPaaS providers' need to guarantee their communication services are secure and meet regulatory compliance requirements is not an easy task. Integrating communication services into existing applications and systems necessitates expertise and time; Some businesses might even have trouble seamlessly integrating existing systems and CPaaS offerings. Different CPaaS providers employ various APIs and protocols that may restrict interoperability between their services, making switching between providers or using multiple providers challenging for businesses. Real-time communication relies on internet connectivity that may be unpredictable or subject to downtime; businesses must have contingency plans in place so communication remains uninterrupted in case of internet outages.



Market Opportunities

CPaaS providers have the opportunity to expand into sectors such as finance, healthcare, and education. These industries have particular communication needs that CPaaS solutions can address through telehealth, remote learning, and financial transactions. CPaaS providers can seamlessly integrate their communication services with cutting-edge technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), IoT, and blockchain, giving businesses the power to improve efficiency and automate their communication processes. CPaaS providers can collaborate with other businesses such as system integrators, software vendors, and telecommunications service providers. Through partnerships, CPaaS providers are able to expand their customer base and access new markets. Furthermore, they innovate in user experience by offering features like chatbots, interactive vocal response (IVR) systems, and video conferencing - which increase engagement levels among users and ultimately result in higher adoption rates and customer loyalty.

Report Segmentation of the Communication Platform As a Service Market

Component Insight

The global communication platform as a service market is divided into solution and service components with the former projected to have the highest CAGR of 26.7% over the forecast period. In 2022, the solution component segment dominated the market with a market share of 86.4%. The solution segment is further divided into message, voice, and video. This segment's growth can be attributed to its enhanced programmable video capabilities that promote more humanized digital interactions. Furthermore, built-in video with APIs to integrate workflow will be a major element of CPaaS's overall value proposition. In 2022, the service sector is predicted to experience a compound annual growth rate of 34.3%, services are separated into managed services and professional services. Banks and other financial institutions are using conversational AI platforms with APIs to automate customer service interactions.

Organization Size Insight

By organization size, the market is further divided into large enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Large enterprises will be the most lucrative segment in the global communication platform as a service market accounting for 57.3% of the total market share with an expected CAGR of 25.3% during the projected period. The rapidly escalating digital engagement with customers is expected to drive the demand for communication platform-as-a-service in large industries. Companies invest in IT systems to enhance customer service on digital platforms, this factor can boost the market growth of CPaaS. The small and medium enterprises segment is projected to experience a CAGR of 31.6% during the forecast period due to increasing technology adoption among these SEMs.

End User Insight

According to end-user, the market is divided into BFSI, IT & Telecom, Retail & E-commerce, Transportation & Logistics, Travel & Hospitality, and Other End Users. IT & Telecom is expected to be the most lucrative segment in the global communication platform as a service market with a revenue share of 20.6% in 2022 and a projected CAGR of 29.3% between 2023-2031 due to being one of the early adopters of communication solutions and continuing its expansion within this industry to maintain customer engagement. Travel & hospitality will experience higher expansion with a CAGR of 31.2% from 2022-2031 due to rising demands for higher customer service levels within this segment.

4th Edition COMMS | 27-28 April 2023 | London, United Kingdom. 

Communication Platform 


Monday, April 3, 2023

Discover the power of the media at a World Top 100 university

When political turmoil caused social unrest in her home country of Thailand, Punsita Ritthikarn discovered her calling: using the media to promote human rights and civil society. That led her to pursue a Media, Communications and International Journalism MSc at the University of Glasgow. In this programme, she prepared herself to be a contemporary political reporter, honing and polishing her critical thinking and editorial skills as a writer.

“The university’s journalism programme showed the role of modern media in the construction of public understanding. It helped me comprehend how western media frames its coverage of the developing world,” Ritthikarn says.

Students like Ritthikarn discover more powerful aspects of the fourth estate in their programme. Vested interests, from the right and left, can sway an editor’s decision whether or not to cover certain events and in turn, influence public opinion. But news agencies can just as well give voice to the voiceless, from marginalised groups in third world countries or invisible victims of discrimination and violence.

Courses like the Media, Communications and International Journalism MSc expose students to these intricacies through its hands-on approach. For Ritthikarn, her two-month summer internship at BK Magazine taught her to become competent in practical magazine journalism. That includes copywriting, researching the audience, proofreading and digital photography.





The University of Glasgow offers a wide array of programmes that allow students to explore their interest and passion in the communication field: Digital Society MSc, Media, Culture & Society MSc, Media, Communications and International Journalism MSc and Political Communication MSc, as well as an Environment, Culture & Communication MLitt at the Dumfries Campus in southern Scotland. All programmes ensure students gain a deep understanding on how their sub-discipline works and how they can apply what they learn to a wide range of opportunities within the labour market.


At the same time, students have the perfect setting for future media and communication experts to thrive. Step into the Glasgow University Media Group and you’ll discover staff and students pursuing innovative sociological research which examines the impact of media content on public understanding and belief.

Previous research includes content analysis and media focus groups. Its methodologies have been applied across different fields of social sciences and by researchers in areas such as health behaviour, mental health, discrimination, climate change and other areas of social policy.

At the Social and Digital Change Group, research themes focus on the connections between contemporary digital and social worlds. This includes questions about how people can access the processes of knowledge production in media, science, and cultural domains and how transparent knowledge production is.

Glasgow is also a hub for the media industry in Scotland. The country houses the headquarters of BBC Scotland, STV and a wide range of major press titles like The Herald and The Daily Record.

The University of Glasgow ranks among the top 100 universities in the QS World University Rankings 2023 and sits among the top 100 for Communication and Media Studies (QS World University Ranking By Subject 2022). Likewise, the research institution has been named the Scottish University of the Year in The Times and The Sunday Times Good University Guide 2022.

Look beyond these rankings, and you’ll discover a diverse student community and faculty from over 140 countries. You’ll get to experience what it’s like to address global issues by discussing them in a multicultural setting.

Brandesova can attest to this. “It’s no secret that the University of Glasgow has a fantastic academic reputation and high-quality research recognised internationally, but that was only one part of my decision to study there,” she says. “I wanted to experience an open, supportive but thought-provoking environment and the university ticked all the boxes. The University of Glasgow also has a vibrant international community and I knew I would feel at home.”

Find out more about Media & Communications postgraduate programmes at the University of Glasgow, and learn how you can forge a critical lens on the power of media and communications.

International Conference on Communications and Media Studies 

4th Edition COMMS | 27-28 April 2023 | London, United Kingdom.

Discover the power of the media at a World Top 100 university.


Tuesday, March 14, 2023

Mobile Communications Policy

Touro University (hereinafter, “We,” “Us,” “Our”) is offering a mobile messaging program (the “Program”), which you agree to use and participate in subject to these Mobile Messaging Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy (the “Agreement”). By opting in to or participating in any of our Programs, you accept and agree to these terms and conditions, including, without limitation, your agreement to resolve any disputes with us through binding, individual-only arbitration, as detailed in the “Dispute Resolution” section below. This Agreement is limited to the Program and is not intended to modify other Terms and Conditions or Privacy Policy that may govern the relationship between you and Us in other contexts.





Mobile Communications Privacy Policy

Your right to privacy is important to us. We will only use information you provide through the Program to transmit your mobile messages and respond to you, if necessary. This includes, but is not limited to, sharing information with platform providers, phone companies, and other vendors who assist us in the delivery of mobile messages. WE DO NOT SELL, RENT, LOAN, TRADE, LEASE, OR OTHERWISE TRANSFER FOR PROFIT ANY PHONE NUMBERS OR CUSTOMER INFORMATION COLLECTED THROUGH THE PROGRAM TO ANY THIRD PARTY. Nonetheless, We reserve the right at all times to disclose any information as necessary to satisfy any law, regulation or governmental request, to avoid liability, or to protect Our rights or property. When you complete forms online or otherwise provide Us information in connection with the Program, you agree to provide accurate, complete, and true information. You agree not to use a false or misleading name or a name that you are not authorized to use. If, in Our sole discretion, We believe that any such information is untrue, inaccurate, or incomplete, or you have opted into the Program for an ulterior purpose, We may refuse you access to the Program and pursue any appropriate legal remedies. This Privacy Policy is strictly limited to the Program and has no effect on any other privacy policy(ies) that may govern the relationship between you and Us in other contexts.

Mobile Communications Terms and Conditions

Program Description: Without limiting the scope of the Program, users that opt into the Program can expect to receive messages concerning users’ application and admission to Touro University. Users may receive links to our website that contain information about our university, information request forms, event registration forms, and admissions personnel directories. Users who have registered for an event may receive reminders. Users who are not registered for the upcoming semester may receive reminders about upcoming enrollment deadlines.

User Opt In: The Program allows Users to receive SMS/MMS mobile messages by affirmatively opting into the Program, such as through online forms, application-based enrollment forms, or text-to-join keywords. Regardless of the opt-in method you utilized to join the Program, you agree that this Agreement applies to your participation in the Program. By participating in the Program, you agree to receive autodialed or prerecorded marketing mobile messages at the phone number associated with your opt-in. While you consent to receive messages sent using an autodialer, the foregoing shall not be interpreted to suggest or imply that any or all of Our mobile messages are sent using an automatic telephone dialing system (“ATDS” or “autodialer”). Message and data rates may apply.

User Opt Out: If you do not wish to continue participating in the Program or no longer agree to this Agreement, you agree to reply STOP, END, CANCEL, UNSUBSCRIBE, or QUIT to any mobile message from Us in order to opt out of the Program. You may receive an additional mobile message confirming your decision to opt out. You understand and agree that the foregoing options are the only reasonable methods of opting out. You also understand and agree that any other method of opting out, including, but not limited to, texting words other than those set forth above or verbally requesting one of our employees to remove you from our list, is not a reasonable means of opting out.

Cost and Frequency: Message and data rates may apply. The Program involves recurring mobile messages, and additional mobile messages may be sent periodically based on your interaction with Us. Users who opt-in can expect to receive 2-4 messages per month during registration periods and prior to admissions events that users have registered for.

Support Instructions: For support regarding the Program, text “HELP” to the number you received messages from or email us at help@touro.edu. Please note that the use of this email address is not an acceptable method of opting out of the program. Opt outs must be submitted in accordance with the procedures set forth above.

Outbound Number: We have the right to modify any telephone number or short code we use to operate the service at any time. You will be notified on such occasions. You agree that any messages you send to a telephone number or short code we have changed, including any STOP or HELP requests, may not be received, and we will not be liable for honoring requests made in such messages.

Privacy Policy: Your right to privacy is important to us. Touro University will not sell, distribute, or give your personal information to any third party without your knowledge and consent. If you have any questions regarding privacy please read our privacy policy in full.

Duty to Notify and Indemnify: If at any time you intend to stop using the mobile telephone number that has been used to subscribe to the Program, including canceling your service plan or selling or transferring the phone number to another party, you agree that you will complete the User Opt Out process set forth above prior to ending your use of the mobile telephone number. You understand and agree that your agreement to do so is a material part of these terms and conditions. You further agree that, if you discontinue the use of your mobile telephone number without notifying Us of such change, you agree that you will be responsible for all costs (including attorneys’ fees) and liabilities incurred by Us, or any party that assists in the delivery of the mobile messages, as a result of claims brought by individual(s) who are later assigned that mobile telephone number. This duty and agreement shall survive any cancellation or termination of your agreement to participate in any of our Programs.

YOU AGREE THAT YOU SHALL INDEMNIFY, DEFEND, AND HOLD US HARMLESS FROM ANY CLAIM OR LIABILITY RESULTING FROM YOUR FAILURE TO NOTIFY US OF A CHANGE IN THE INFORMATION YOU HAVE PROVIDED, INCLUDING ANY CLAIM OR LIABILITY UNDER THE TELEPHONE CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT, 47 U.S.C. § 227, et seq., OR SIMILAR STATE AND FEDERAL LAWS, AND ANY REGULATIONS PROMULGATED THEREUNDER RESULTING FROM US ATTEMPTING TO CONTACT YOU AT THE MOBILE TELEPHONE NUMBER YOU PROVIDED.

Our Disclaimer of Warranty: The Program is offered on an "as-is" basis and may not be available in all areas at all times and may not continue to work in the event of product, software, coverage or other changes made by your wireless carrier. We will not be liable for any delays or failures in the receipt of any mobile messages connected with this Program. Delivery of mobile messages is subject to effective transmission from your wireless service provider/network operator and is outside of Our control. Carriers are not liable for delayed or undelivered mobile messages.

Participant Requirements: You must have a wireless device of your own, capable of two-way messaging, be using a participating wireless carrier, and be a wireless service subscriber with text messaging service. Not all cellular phone providers carry the necessary service to participate. Check your phone capabilities for specific text messaging instructions.

Age Restriction: You may not use or engage with the Platform if you are under thirteen (13) years of age. If you use or engage with the Platform and are between the ages of thirteen (13) and eighteen (18) years of age, you must have your parent’s or legal guardian’s permission to do so. By using or engaging with the Platform, you acknowledge and agree that you are not under the age of thirteen (13) years, are between the ages of thirteen (13) and eighteen (18) and have your parent’s or legal guardian’s permission to use or engage with the Platform, or are of adult age in your jurisdiction. By using or engaging with the Platform, you also acknowledge and agree that you are permitted by your jurisdiction’s Applicable Law to use and/or engage with the Platform.

Prohibited Content: You acknowledge and agree to not send any prohibited content over the Platform. Prohibited content includes:

Any fraudulent, libelous, defamatory, scandalous, threatening, harassing, or stalking activity; 

Objectionable content, including profanity, obscenity, lasciviousness, violence, bigotry, hatred, and discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, nationality, disability, sexual orientation, or age; 

Pirated computer programs, viruses, worms, Trojan horses, or other harmful code; Any product, service, or promotion that is unlawful where such product, service, or promotion thereof is received; 

Any content that implicates and/or references personal health information that is protected by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (“HIPAA”) or the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (“HITEC” Act); 

Any other content that is prohibited by Applicable Law in the jurisdiction from which the message is sent.

Dispute Resolution: In the event that there is a dispute, claim, or controversy between you and Us, or between you and any third-party service provider acting on Our behalf to transmit the mobile messages within the scope of the Program, arising out of or relating to federal or state statutory claims, common law claims, this Agreement, or the breach, termination, enforcement, interpretation or validity thereof, including the determination of the scope or applicability of this agreement to arbitrate, such dispute, claim, or controversy will be, to the fullest extent permitted by law, determined by Touro in accordance with Touro’s published Alternative Dispute Resolution policy for the program you are enrolled.

Miscellaneous: You warrant and represent to Us that you have all necessary rights, power, and authority to agree to these Terms and perform your obligations hereunder, and nothing contained in this Agreement or in the performance of such obligations will place you in breach of any other contract or obligation. The failure of either party to exercise in any respect any right provided for herein will not be deemed a waiver of any further rights hereunder. If any provision of this Agreement is found to be unenforceable or invalid, that provision will be limited or eliminated to the minimum extent necessary so that this Agreement will otherwise remain in full force and effect and enforceable. Any new features, changes, updates or improvements of the Program shall be subject to this Agreement unless explicitly stated otherwise in writing. We reserve the right to change this Agreement from time to time. Any updates to this Agreement shall be communicated to you. You acknowledge your responsibility to review this Agreement from time to time and to be aware of any such changes. By continuing to participate in the Program after any such changes, you accept this Agreement, as modified.

International Conference on Communications and Media Studies

3rd Edition COMMS | 27-28 March 2023 | Malaysia

Mobile Communications Policy


Key satellite communication spectrum detail has Trai in a bind



New Delhi: The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (Trai) is in a bind while charting out modalities for auctioning airwaves for satellite communication.

As per officials aware of the details, the biggest challenge that the regulator is facing is around which unit to use while selling such spectrum. Since satellite spectrum is different from access or mobile spectrum, selling it on a per MHz basis may not be a feasible option. In case, some quantum has to be given on a per MHz basis, specific supporting conditions need to be prescribed.

Officials told ET that the regulator has had around three rounds of discussions with the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) on the matter but hasn’t found a solution so far. The DoT, on its part, has made it clear that while it wants satcom airwaves to be auctioned, it is the Trai’s responsibility to spell out the modalities.





Trai is currently working on issuing a consultation paper on the modalities around auction of satellite spectrum.

“The regulator is working on the issue, and we expect the satellite consultation paper by the end of this month or by early April. We firmly believe that price needs to be discovered by market forces and that can only happen by auction model,” said a DoT official, asking not to be named.

Another official added that if for some reason the Trai comes up with a view that it is not possible to auction satcom spectrum, then it must specify the reasons. “Otherwise, it will be difficult for the DoT to take any decision.”

The department feels that in the absence of an auction, it would need to seek clarification from the Supreme Court if satellite spectrum can be allocated administratively. But then, the whole process would be time consuming.

On its part, the DoT had earlier suggested different models to the regulator to sell satellite spectrum to the highest bidder. As per the DoT proposal, the auction should be done on a satellite constellation basis and that all the three segments used for space communications—spectrum for gateways, uplink and downlink frequencies as well as airwaves used for connecting users—have to be auctioned.

ET had reported in November last year about the DoT proposal on satellite spectrum. As per the DoT option, just like spectrum is being auctioned on a licensed service area (LSA) basis to mobile operators, satcom spectrum to be used in space can be given on an angular basis in latitude and longitude.

In addition, the DoT has suggested that gateways should be set up in sparsely populated areas and pricing can be given on a pan-India basis assuming three gateways per city. With that calculation, there could be around 2,000 gateways across the country and pricing can be given accordingly.

Certain quantum of airwaves can also be given on a mix-use basis—pan India for IMT (mobile communications) and satcom use.

Companies such as Bharti-backed OneWeb, Reliance Jio’s JV with Luxembourg-based SES, Elon Musk’s Starlink and the Tata-Telesat combine are working on creating a constellation of satellites to deliver ‘broadband-from-space’ services in India. The satellite communications market in India is at a nascent stage but the potential is huge, particularly in rural and remote areas. As per an EY-ISpA report, India's space economy is set to rise to $13 billion by 2025 at a CAGR of 6%.

Bharti Enterprises chairman Sunil Mittal has already stated that spectrum for satcom services can’t be auctioned on the lines of 5G as these airwaves are shared, required only in limited areas, and also the business is not going to make billions of dollars of revenue. He added that in case the government decides to auction the spectrum, these factors should be kept in mind while designing the process, otherwise India could potentially miss out on satellite services.

International Conference on Communications and Media Studies 

3rd Edition COMMS | 27-28 March 2023 | Malaysia 

 Key satellite communication spectrum detail has Trai in a bind


Monday, March 13, 2023

What are informal communication ?

 

Informal communications include speaking to a person about the weather, writing an email about your holiday, sending a birthday card or talking to someone at the grocery shop. Informal communications can also be gestures (with no words). Informal communication in the workplace is often called ‘the grapevine’.




What are informal communication methods like?

Informal communications are like relaxed conversations with friends. You do not have to respond in writing. Usually, you do not have to respond at all. If you wish, you can just smile or nod, and listen to the person talking.

What is the purpose of informal communication methods?

The purpose of informal communications is to share information in a casual way. It may be to advise your family about your health, to tell a joke, or to share the company of co-workers or friends. Informal communication is relaxing and reduces stress. There is often laughter.

Some managers use informal communications methods to find out what staff honestly think about something, or to support formal communications in the workplace. Some staff use informal communications methods to let their managers know about their concerns, without having to put it in writing or speak to them face to face.

Where does informal communication methods fit into workplace communication?

Random emgagement
Informal Communication methods
Knowledge Transfer

What is the principle structure of informal communication methods?

Informal communication methods have no principle structure and obey no ‘rules’. Informal communication typically goes randomly from one topic to another. This is why information communication is often called the ‘grapevine’ in the workplace because information is passed on quickly from one person to another like a grapevine grows.

The risk with informal communications methods is that false information can be passed on. Information that is spread on ‘the grapevine’ travels quickly and facts may wrong or distorted. This can lead to the rapid spread of false rumours.
What are the different types of informal communication methods?

Types of informal communication methods include:Talking to your friends, family or work colleagues on the phone about personal matters
Talking around the dinner table with family
Sending a friendly email to friends or colleagues
Chatting casually with people at a social occasion such as a wedding or a work dinner
Waving to friends when you walk by them
Hugging a friend when you meet and greet them
Passing a note in a meeting to a colleague about a personal matter
Shaking hands with a colleague when you meet them
Patting someone on the back to show that you support them
Sending a congratulations card to someone who has passed their exams
Winking at someone in a friendly way
Raising your eyebrows to show concern or confusion
Shaking your fist to show your anger or displeasure
Saluting to show respect to a higher ranked officer (in the military forces)

What terms are used when using informal communication methods?

Some of the common terms for informal communication methods are:Dinnertime means the time of day when your family eats their evening meal.

Factual means something you can prove to be true.

Family means the people who dwell in your home, or the people related to you by blood lines, or by choice. Not all family members are kin to you by blood, but they are all important.
Formal means that the communication is official and important to an organisation.
Gossip means something you have heard but cannot prove to be a fact.
Grapevine means the information communication networks in an organization.
Informal means that the communication is relaxed.
Punctual means to be on time.

International Conference on Communications and Media Studies 

3rd Edition COMMS | 27-28 March 2023 | Malaysia 

What is Informal Communications 


Wednesday, March 8, 2023

What is formal communication


Formal communication is an exchange of official information between people within the same organization who are often at different levels within the organizational hierarchy. It's a controlled means of communication that follows predefined channels and adheres to predetermined rules, standards, processes and regulations set by the company. Formal communication follows the organization's chain of command, with a top-down structure, meaning that higher-ranking employees often use it to send various messages and instructions to lower-level individuals.

Why is formal communication important

Some of the main reasons it's important to implement formal workplace communication include:

It clearly defines and establishes authority. Using formal communication within an organization helps create an efficient flow of information between higher-level and lower-level employees. This, in turn, helps subordinates know exactly what their responsibilities are and who they report to.

It improves overall efficiency. Having efficient communication usually means that overall efficiency, at all levels, is likely to improve. The main reason for that is the fact that properly implementing formal communication tends to significantly reduce ambiguities.

It reduces the likelihood of mistakes and errors. Communicating within the boundaries of formal communication tends to reduce the change of any mistakes and errors occurring, as the message is usually more clearly understood and comes from a source of authority.

It can create discipline. Clearly defining an organization's hierarchy and using formal communication for internal messaging can improve overall discipline, as everyone knows exactly who they report to and who reports to them.


It can improve work coordination. Formal communication across different departments within an organization can help them better coordinate their work, due to the unambiguous messaging and clearly defined chain of command.

It tends to be more credible when sending important messages. Using formal communication for high-priority messaging, such as company objectives, overall business directions or direct orders to employees or departments, is usually seen as more reliable and credible by the recipients, which makes it more likely that they would fully comply.

Types of formal communication





There are four major ways an organization can use formal communication:

Downward communication: This is the most common type of formal communication and represents the flow of information from the company's management to its subordinates. It usually consists of various instructions and orders that are passed down in written or oral form, through reports, memos, emails, manuals and others.


Upward communication: This is the opposite of downward communication and therefore represents the messages passed from subordinates to management. It can take various forms, such as requests, reports, complaints and suggestions.


Horizontal communication: Also known as lateral communication, this type of formal communication takes place between coworkers who have different roles but are on the same hierarchical level within the organization. Communication between managers of different departments within the same organization is typically the most common example of horizontal communication.


Diagonal communication: Also known as crosswise communication, diagonal communication is when employees who work for different departments within the same organization and are also on different hierarchical levels formally communicate with each other. It usually consists of various employees communicating with managers of different departments, such as HR, marketing or finance.

Formal communication methods

Here are some of the most widely used methods of formal communication

Meetings: Scheduled meetings within the same department or involving several departments typically use formal communication, especially the upward and downward types.

Activity reports: one or more subordinates formally describe their activity. It is a common example of upward communication.

Memos: Short for memorandum, a memo is a written message sent to a large number of people within an organization or department, regarding various procedures or business dealings.

Letters and emails: Letters, in either physical or electronic form, are a widely used method of formal communication.

Formal discussions: A one-on-one discussion between people working for the same organization, in similar or different places on the hierarchical scale, is also an often-used method of formal communication.

International Conference on Communications and Media Studies

 3rd Edition COMMS | 27-28 March 2023 | Malaysia 

Types of Communications Visit…………https://communications-conferences.sciencefather.com

Web RTC:

WebRTC (Web Real-Time Communication) is an open-source project that enables real-time communication capabilities directly within web browser...